Drug Legalization will Solve Many Problems Essay - 1557 Words

Drug Legalization will Solve Many Problems The United States is by far the richest and most powerful country in the world. We citizens take for granted luxuries that people of other countries can only dream. Yet in our society there are serious social issues that for reasons unknown are not being addressed. One of the most important issues that typical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. Although we hear terms like The War on Drugs and Drug Treatment, a fresh approach to this issue is overdue. The country should take a new look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of control. Addiction and drug abuse are such buzzwords these days†¦show more content†¦If that be the case then gambling and food abusers should be treated the same as addicts. Since drug legalization is the topic of this essay let us focus on alternatives to the War on Drugs. One possibility for controlling drug abuse is to legalize illegal drugs. In the 1920’s alcohol was made illegal by the eighteenth amendment better know as prohibition. This experiment at cutting off the source of alcohol to alleviate alcohol abuse was a dismal failure. From it stemmed all sort of crime, illegal alcohol sales, gang controlled territories, police shootings and above all, most people continued to drink. In contrast to today’s society where drugs are illegal there is not much difference. We have the same type of violent crime and gang control as in the roaring twenties, and people continue to use drugs. Another result of prohibition was an increase in binge drinking, much the same as we have the binge drug user today. Countries where alcohol is considered a normal part of life, such as Greece and Italy, have low occurrences of alcoholism. However, where alcohol is looked upon as a moral problem, such as the United States or Finland, alcoholism is rampant. This is the result of social conditioning much like Pavlov’s dogs. Since drugs are considered the demon here in America, citizens use as a method of rebelling as well as out of curiosityShow MoreRelatedEssay about Legalize It!828 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. When a battle goes to the point where there is no winner there needs to be a re-evaluation of how to solve the problem. In the case of the war against drugs, years of fighting have caused increased crime, overcrowding of prisons and the wasted use of money and resources with no results. It is now time to look at alternative methods to solving the nations drug problem. I will be looking at one of these methodsRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized? Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of drugs is among the most polarizing issues faced by the US government today. The increase in organized crime related to drug trafficking has forced authorities to reevaluate their stance on their legalization issue, and yet there are those in the civil society that oppose such legalization vehemently. Though there is evidence that many of the banned and scheduled substances can be attributed to a range of health benefits and treatment of diseases, the American experience withRead MoreUnited States Drug Policy1302 Words   |  6 PagesUS Drug Policy Introduction Drug policy is a crucial topic in the country today. Substance abuse, as well as drug-related crime rates, are a huge problem. This is a fact. The way to fix the problem of substance abuse, however, is widely disagreed upon. Some think that stricter laws regarding drug possession and use would solve the problem, while others believe that loosening the restrictions would be a better option. The issue of legalizing drugs, especially marijuana, is one that is debated allRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesabused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others, however, ar e against the legalization of the dangerous drug. While legalization has bothRead More Marijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1375 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America? Marijuana, the most abused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others,Read MoreThe Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana1459 Words   |  6 Pagesand users are isolated by societies. In our days narcotics are a tremendous problem with a lot of effects on the societies. I want to give the definition of Marijuana that is important for my research. â€Å"Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems and flowering tops of the hemp plant.†(Marijuana, 317). Today in most countries soft narcotics and especially narcotics like marijuana are illegal. Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous but it is n’t. Because of people’s ignoranceRead MoreIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move?1216 Words   |  5 PagesIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move? There always seems to be debate on whether the decriminalization of drugs would be of great public interest. It is a very important and controversial issue that has many people wondering if legalizing drugs would be a right move or not. In the article, â€Å"Decriminalization Would Increase The Use and The Economic and Social Costs of Drugs† by David Mineta, Mineta argues about why drugs should not be decriminalized and how keeping illicit drugs illegal outweigh theRead More Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead MoreEssay SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION859 Words   |  4 Pages SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article â€Å"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals,† William J. Bennentt, chides intellectuals who believe drugs should be legalize. Bennett challenges his audience , by attacking intellectuals. However Bennett tries to win over his audience of intellectuals in two ways: by calling upon their talents and by attackingRead MoreShould Legalization Of Recreational Drugs Be A Great Nation?977 Words   |  4 Pages If you have an internal body problem or illness, would you rather fix that first or fight your external battles? Likewise, the US is claiming its superiority, as a big brother, across the world by fighting its external wars. However, what needs to be fixed first, is the long lasting internal war within. External wars need lots of money, manpower, weapons, etc., just to achieve a lifelong of enmity at the cost of civilization. Innocent people are always the major sufferers in any war. Now is

The Motivation to Use Atomic Bombs on the Cities of...

Debates on the use of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been active for decades and continue to this day. The timeline of events and available evidence is consistent with the notion that the most compelling reason Pres. Truman authorized the use of atomic weapons was for diplomatic and political reasons, with an eye towards the Soviet Union, rather than bringing an early end to the war with the immediate surrender of Japan. The development of the atomic bomb was the largest program of covert scientific research ever undertaken. There are several reasons cited to justify the use of the bomb. There are, however, a number of evidence supported factors that challenge this perspective. An aggressive Soviet†¦show more content†¦After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US policy of neutrality ended when it declared war on Japan. In 1941, Britain’s MAUD report concluded that an atomic bomb was possible and that its construction should begin immediately. Since Britain was already fully mobilized in war with Germany, the United States was in a better position to proceed with the bomb project. A special †S-1† committee was formed to determine the feasibility of an atomic bomb. They concluded that it would initially cost upward of $100 million with the production of a bomb by July 1944. In September 1942, the Manhattan Project was created with Gen. Leslie Groves at its helm. J. Robert Oppenheimer was chosen to supervise the scientific side of the atomic bomb project. A site for the central laboratory was chosen near the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico. Here the actual design and construction of the two atomic bombs that would later be referred to as â€Å"Fat Man† and â€Å"Little Boy† took place. Following the death of Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, Harry S. Truman became president. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered. The war in Asia with Japan, however, continued with the Soviet Union establishing itself as an ever growing threat. On July 16, 1945, a plutonium bomb (â€Å"the gadget†), detonated by a theoreticalShow MoreRelatedWhy the United States Dropped the Atomic Bomb: Persuasive Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and NagasakiRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe world was shocked when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. The bombs were a result of years of research and testing completed by the nation’s top physicists in a top-secret project called the Manhatt an Project. The Manhattan Project was a crucial development by the United States because it quickly ended the war with Japan. In August 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard drafted the Einstein-Szilard letter to send to President Roosevelt. The letter outlined the needRead MoreThe United States Was Justified For The Attack Of Hiroshima Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesattack to Hiroshima, Japan. The nuclear bomb was made in the south western for the sake of the United States under top mystery conditions. The Manhattan Project was constructed by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer who was a German Jew that fled from the Nazi party. For a long time, the Germans and Americans were in a race to finish the bomb first. It was viewed as a stupendous achievement when on July 1945, in the New Mexico betray, the primary nuclear bomb exploded in a trial. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bombRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The World War II1145 Words   |  5 PagesSubsequently, the major application of nuclear weapons emerged when the US dropped two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Whereas President Truman mainly sought to protect Americans from further deaths by launching atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR posed a different question. Did Truman consciously drop the bombs to intimidate the USSR? Therefore, the Soviet Union interpreted the use of these nuclear weapons as an anti-Soviet move. This further set the basis of the ColdRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima1096 Words   |  5 Pages1945 in Hiroshima, Japan did not begin in any exceptional way; in fact the people had no idea that they were about to be part of one of the most significant mornings in all of history. At 8:15 am, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb, ironically called, when one considers the enormity of the bombs significance, the Little Boy Three days later the U.S. dropped a second bomb nicknamed the Fat Man on the town of Nagasaki, Japan. Historically, the use of the atomic bombsRead MoreThe United States Decision to Use Atomic Bombs Against Japan2627 Words   |  11 Pagessurrounding th e United States’ decision to use atomic bombs against Japan. What motives were behind this action, and what arguments have been made against it? â€Å"I wonder if I can ever have children in the future.† - Words written from a young girl exposed to radiation from the A-bomb – Nagasaki. Hiroki Sato and Kentaro Okada. (-). A-Bomb Radiation Sickness, 14 May 2013 lt;http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/13/national/a-bomb-survivor /#.UZIEcfBArIU.gt; DuringRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima2781 Words   |  12 Pages  the  United  States   dropped  an  atomic  bomb  on  the  Japanese  city  of  Hiroshima,  the  capital  of  Hiroshima  Prefecture.   Hiroshima  is  known  throughout  the  world  as  the  first  (and  only)  city  decimated  by  a  nuclear   weapon  in  wartime.  The  bombing  of  Hiroshima  has  been  one  of  the  most  horrific  events  ever  to   have  taken  place  in  in  the  world.  Ã‚  The  damage  it  caused,  along  with  the  implications  that   followed,  explain  why  it  is  so  well  known,  even  today.  The  effects  of  Hiroshima  continue  to   shape  the  way  we  think  about  wars  and  bombingsRead MoreWhy Truman Ordered The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb2278 Words   |  10 PagesTruman Ordered the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb Throughout American history, the art of war has become increasingly advanced and geared to kill more people. This was especially true in the early 20th century with World Wars I and II, when tactics and weaponry were being developed with the objective of mass destruction (i.e. total war, civilian bombing, etc.), and reached its climax in the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. The atomic bomb was a revolutionary inventionRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was A Revolutionary Invention1528 Words   |  7 Pagesreached its peak with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. The atomic bomb was a revolutionary invention that raised many questions, most comprehensively, why? Why did we drop the atomic bombs? This question regarding the motivations behind dropping the atomic bomb has been mostly buried by the actual event. While Truman himself stated in an August 1945 radio address and further emphasized in his 1955 memoirs that the atomic bombs were dropped in order to â€Å"shortenRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan5502 Words   |  23 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb on Japan? Sub Issues Questions: Scott Carroll The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort

Accounting Information Systems Managing Business Operations

Questions: 1.Explain the role, component of accounting information systems, internal control and IT governance using the documentation technique in organisations.2.Describe the role of accountants in analysing, designing, using and evaluating accounting information systems.3.Analyse the importance of accounting controls and the role of audit assurance for accounting information systems.4.Describe the steps involved in system development life cycle business processes, the related technologies/infrastructure and challenges. Answers: Introduction Accounting process or financial management in every organisation is the primary requirement for managing business operations. On the other hand, information system and technological up gradation is another factor that business organisation has been utilising in business management. This report is about implications of various accounting information system that organisation has in operation. Aspects related to role of accounting information system, components and IT governance have been discussed. Role of accountants while analysing and evaluating accounting information system has been discussed in this report. Important factors related to audit and assurance of accounting information system and related control measures has been discussed in this report. In last section, system development life cycle and business process has been discussed in this report. 1. Role of Accounting Information Systems Accounting information system is the system that is used to collecting, processing, storing and generating various financial reports by the subordinates or managers. Accounting information system fulfils data or information demand within business organisation and supports manager while preparing MIS. Main role of accounting information system is to provide manager decision support information related to financial situation of the organisation. Accounting information system is almost connected with all other departments or sub-systems of organisation since accounting is done at level of organisation (Meiryani, 2015). Components of Accounting Information Systems Many components or sub-system of accounting information system are there which are inter-connected with each other. Components of accounting information systems can be categorised into 5 different parts and they are as follows: 1: People- It includes employees or other professional that are actually using the accounting system of organisation. People are important component because without them accounting system will be in operation and benefits of accounting system cannot be achieved. Auditor using accounting system of organisation is also included in people component. 2: Procedure- Procedure is simply process of accounting system by which it collects process and stores accounting information. Main focus of this component will be at processing of data (internal and external) for generating information (Sabale and Dani, 2012). Database development is another major aspect of this component. 3: Data- Data is the raw form of information that will become decision making information when it is proceed by accounting software. Data is essential component of every information system as it is raw material for information system. Both internal and external data is required and they are as under; sales, purchase, customer billing, vendor involve, expenses involve, payroll, taxation data and many other data. 4: Software- Software is the prime requirement of accounting information system as software is the heart of information system. Software automates functions, manage quality of information, reliability and information security. 5: IT Infrastructure- These are hardware that are used with accounting information system and to support software. It includes computer, printer, server, storage and much other hardware. Internal Control- It is used for securing and maintaining trails of information in the system. It also includes protection of system using id and password as there are various information were stored in it. Internal control measures in accounting information system promote better quality f information and with better availability (Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2015). Following are some components of internal control of accounting system: Risk assessment activities Information and communication system Monitoring and Controlling activities IT Governance- IT governance is the process of ensuring or auditing efficiency and effectiveness of IT usage in an organisation. In this process alignment of business strategies and IT strategies will take place. It also supports measuring performance of information technology in organisation. In case of accounting information system IT governance also plays vital role in term of reviewing and performance management. 2. Role of Accountants Developing and Using Accounting Information Systems Role of human resource in the business organisation is very vital and they operate each and every aspect of organisation. Since AIS is the system which is used and managed by managers or employees of the organisation. Therefore it should be designed and operate as per requirements of accountants. Accountants are those of group of people which possess education and qualification in accounting term (Bragg, 2011). Accountant under accounting information systems are primary involved as designer, user and auditors. Following are different prospects in terms of role of accountants: Accountants as Accounting System Designer: Accounting system will be used by accountants only and they possess relevant accounting knowledge. This makes them suitable professionals in identifying and assessing exact requirement from information system. Accounting information system will be developed by organisation for generating relevant information for decision making process. As a system designer accountants are responsible for identifying data source, specifying need of information, establishing correct accounting rule in system software, specifying format of financial reports and maintaining integrity and efficiency of accounting system (Chen et al., 2012). Accountants as Accounting System User: Once accounting information system is developed by system designer as per requirements specified by accountants now operate the same. Accountants are the user of accounting system as they possess required professional knowledge that helps them to use accounting system. Accounting system starts with feeding relevant data into system and then system automatically process data into information. Then again role of accountant comes into play when any information is required by generating and setting format of financial reports. As a user, accountants are required to identify encountered errors, issues and any basic mistake in system. Accountants as Accounting System Evaluator or Auditor: Auditing information system is most crucial activity that should be undertaken at all level of system development. Accountants are responsible for auditing accounting system which means they are required audit claimed procedure or process are been followed or not. Desired or documented procedure that is to be followed in the accounting system for information management, are being actually followed or not. Accountant shall ensure the same by using accounting system (Gelinas et al., 2014). 3.Importance of Accounting Controls Accounting controls can be defined as the control system that is used by the organisation for controlling its accounting aspects. Accounting controls is relevant part of accounting information policies and procedures, generating financial reports, accuracy of financial reports and integrity of information and accounting system. Accountants and other professional are responsible for maintaining accounting control in the accounting information system of the organisation. Success and failure of accounting information system depends upon effectiveness of internal accounting controls. Under accounting control system there are four broader areas where accountants are required to focus on and they are; environmental control, risk assessment under accounting system, control procedures adopted, monitoring internal control system (Saeidi et al., 2015). Role of Audit Assurance Audit is the systematic checking of performance of accounting information system of the organisation. Every organisation shall undertake audit framework for its information system as it ensures effectiveness of system. Audit of accounting systems has been now essential factor for organisation since there are various malicious and vulnerabilities acts can be spotted. Basic objectives of audit and assurance are maintaining data integrity, safeguarding assets and maintaining effectiveness in using information system and generating financial reports. For auditing of accounting control under computerised environment, The Information System Audit and Control Association has developed set of rules for maintaining control. These set of rules or framework is known as Control Objective for Information and Related Technology (Susan and Daw, 2015). Therefore audit and assurance services plays key role in improving accounting information system. Process of audit includes following activities: Observation of system activities Review documents Identification of audit trail in system audit Implementation of audit procedures 4.System Development Life Cycle System development is the process under which system software is defined (requirements), designed, tested and then implemented in the organisation. System development is generally denoted as the development and implementation of customised system software. System development included framework or defined set of sets that will be implemented for the development of software (Massey and Satao, 2012). In case of development of accounting system software or business process, Following are steps that are involved in system development life cycle: System study- Under this current system will be analysed and following actions will be taken: Identification of problems in current system Background check of current system Feasibility Study- Whether proposed system will meet users requirement, will work under defined conditions, effectively use resources and many other points will be examined (ZSUZSANNA, 2012). Following feasibility will be examined in this phase: Financial feasibility Economic feasibility Technical feasibility Organisational feasibility Social feasibility Analysis of System- Under this phase problem identification, analysis of feasibility test collection of data, etc are steps that will be undertaken. In this process, complete description and requirement of system development will be documented. Designing System- In this phase, documented system will be designed which means Skelton of desired system will be made. Logical system design shall be made so as to make physical design of the proposed system (Durrani and Qureshi, 2012). Testing- In this phase, once system has been developed then it shall be test for its relevancy, accuracy, matching with requirements, etc. Programme test or system test can be done can be undertaken. Implementation- In this phase, developed and tested system shall be implemented. Maintenance- Under this phase, adequate steps shall be undertaken by the system developers and accountants for maintaining developed system (Susan and Daw, 2015). Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that accounting information system plays important role in managing financial performance of organisation. Accounting information system supports management decision making process of the organisation and therefore holds vital position. Accountants play important role in maintaining and demonstrating accounting information system. Accountants support accounting system development in terms of designing, using and evaluating it. Accounting control and internal control in terms of accounting system is very much important as they ensure weakness and risk associated with it. Audit of information system shall be conducted on regular basis so that system can remain error free and effectives of accounting information system can be maintained. For developing information system or system software, phases specified under system development life cycle shall be followed. References Bragg, S. M. (2011). The Controller's Function The work of the Managerial Accountants. John Wiley Sons Inc. Chen, H.-J., Huang, Y., Shaio, C. (2012). The ERP System impact on the role of accountants. Industrial Management Data Systems , 112 (1), 83 - 101. Durrani, Q. S., Qureshi, S. A. (2012). Usability engineering practices in SDLC. International Conference on Communications and Information Technology , 319324. Gelinas, U. J., Dull, R. B., Wheeler, P. (2014). Accounting Information System (10th International edition ed.). Cengage Learning. Massey, V., Satao, K. (2012). Comparing various SDLC models and the new proposed model on the basis of available methodology. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering , 170177. Meiryani. (2015). Influence Business Strategy On the Quality of Accounting Information System. International Journal of Scientific Technology Research , 80 - 86. OJ, A., Kekwaletswe, R. M., Pretorius, P. (2013). The Effem of Accounting Information System in Accounting. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research , 142. Sabale, R., Dani, A. (2012). Comparative study of prototype model for software engineering with system development Life Cycle. IOSR Journal of Engineering , 2124. Saeidi, H., Prasad, B. V., Saremi, H. (2015). The Role of Accountants in Relation to Accounting Information Systems and Difference between Users of AIS and Users of Accounting. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences , 116-119. Schaltegger, S., Zvezdov, D. (2015). Gatekeepers of sustainability information: Exploring roles of accountants. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change , 333 - 361. Susan, P. T., Daw, T. H. (2015). Appraisal of Accounting Information System and Internal Control Frameworks. International Journal of Scientific and Research , 1-4. ZSUZSANNA, T. (2012). The Current Role of Accounting Information Systems. 'Club of Economics in Miskolc , 92-94.

Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders

Mankind has experienced a number of psychological disorders and diseases for a long period of time. Most of these diseases and disorders affect the normal functioning of the human body system especially the brain (Robins Regier, 1999). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their impacts can be manifested either through one’s behavior or mental symptoms. Psychiatric disorders can be defined as any behavioral or mental symptoms that make an individual very much distressed, paralyses the victims in one way or another and hence make them exposed to pain, disability, or even death (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Such manifestations, however, must be experienced over a period of more than two weeks in order to be considered a psychiatric disorder. Mental symptoms such as grief following the loss of a close relative or friend cannot be considered psychiatric in nature. This essay seeks to discuss the psychological disorders and diseases which include; schizophrenia, depression, mania, anxiety disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The theories behind them will also be discussed. Schizophrenia is one of the common psychological disorders especially in the United States. It is a chronic, harsh, and a brain-paralyzing disorder. It is usually characterized by improper perception of what is otherwise real. The individual suffering from schizophrenia usually experiences auditory delusions, haphazard way of thinking and talking, and other forms of hallucinations (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Moreover, the patient exhibits cognitive deficits, asocial tendencies, and flat affect. The manifestations of initial stages of schizophrenia commonly start at early adulthood. Notably, this disorder can only be diagnosed using the person’s personal experiences and overt behavior since its laboratory test is yet to be established. Many theories concerning schizophrenia have been proposed. Some of the factors associated with the development of schizophrenia include the individual’s genetic orientation and the environment that one is exposed to at the earlier stages of development (Robins Regier, 1999). Furthermore, neurobiology which concerns the study of the nervous system as well as the social and mental processes has been identified as playing a role in the development of schizophrenic conditions. The root causes of schizophrenia, however, have not been fully established but a sense of hope exists as far as its treatment is concerned. Current antipsychotic medications seek to eliminate the symptoms associated to the disorder and allow the patient to live a normal life in the society. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the older types of anti-psychotics are still being used, most current ones w hich include clozapine are very effective in treating the acute symptoms (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). For persons who are genetically prone to schizophrenia, the use of some medicinal drugs or those meant for recreational purposes may also cause or enhance the rate of being schizophrenic. For instance, clozapine reduces the number of white blood cells in the body hence increasing the risk of infections. The side effects of using antipsychotic medication include improper vision, rashes on the skin, increased heartbeat, and can affect women’s monthly periods. Psychosocial modes of treatment have been devised to deal with those who have become resistant to antipsychotic medication (Robins Regier, 1999). Depression, on the other hand, is a psychological disorder that manifests itself both physically and emotionally over prolonged period of time (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). This disorder is characterized by a sense of guilt, worthless feelings and suicidal tendencies, loss of the ab ility to make decisions, and varying levels of poverty. Despite the many perspectives of looking at the disorder, depression has been clinically regarded as being caused by genetic, biological, and psychological factors. Stressful situations in life have been identified to play a role in the onset of depression among those who are genetically prone. Also, fluctuating levels of hormones contribute to the increased levels of neurotransmitters in the brain leading to the development of depressive symptoms. Psychiatrists have also established the role of structural psychological changes in the onset of major depression. Besides these western theories on depression, cultural perspectives also have their own way of explaining depression. Persons identified with depression can be treated although the diagnosis part is the most difficult since the symptoms can be confused with the normal illness. Research has established clinical depression as being mental in nature (Salters-Pedneault, 20 09). The two major approaches that can be used are psychotherapy and clinical medication. The use of antidepressants can simplify the use of the counseling approach. It is important to note that psychotherapeutic medications serve to relief symptoms but not curing depression. These medications may have some side effects though it depends on so many factors like the body size, age, sex of the patient, body chemical composition, diet, and habits like smoking. The mentioned factors determine the dosage given to the depressed. Some of the antidepressants include; tricyclic which is an antidepressant, and monoamine oxidase which act an inhibitor. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent antidepressants are commonly referred to as â€Å"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors† (SSRIs). Some of the side effects of antidepres sants include; drowsiness, anxiety, heart problems, digestive problems, weight gain, muscle twitches, and general weakness (Robins Regier, 1999). The extents of these side effects greatly depend on the type of antidepressant used and the individual responses. The third disorder in our discussion is the manic disorder, currently referred to as bipolar disorder. Just like depression, it is a mood disorder and is uniquely characterized by some manic episodes. A manic episode involves the expression of euphoric states or ‘emotional highs’ by the patient (Torrey Knable, 2005). Manic depression possesses symptoms of major depression. Recent research has established that most theories point a strong conviction on the genetic orientation of the patient. The manic-depressive patient is fortunate since the disorder is easily treatable. â€Å"Mood stabilizers† are the commonly used medications and examples include, but not limited to; lithium, and anticonvulsants like cab amazepine, and valproate. All serve the purpose of stabilizing the moods of the patient. However, just like other terminal illnesses, manic-depressive disorder remains with the patient forever and can be managed through constant medication (Torrey Knable, 2005). Due to improved research into the treatment of bipolar disorders, there are fewer side effects although it greatly depends on individual reaction to the medication. Most of the side effects, if any, are similar to those of depression discussed above. Moreover, anxiety disorder refers to the extreme and excessive levels of fear and worry about day to day life without any apparent reason (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Such fears can be prolonged over a period of six months which can only get worse if not diagnosed and treated in good time. Anxiety disorders comprises of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). These varied types of anxiety disorders have one thing in common; they all involve irrational fear and dread. Medication is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders although sometimes psychotherapeutic measures can be effective. In most instances, anxiety may co-exist with other conditions and illness and this calls for proper diagnosis by the psychiatrist. Medication, just like the treatment of the above disorders, will serve to put the anxiety disorder under control but not curing it. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The common medication include; antidepressants, beta-blockers, and anti-anxiety drugs. SSRIs are the newest in the medical field (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Psychotherapy is also the second alternative when it comes to the treatment of anxiety disorders. The side effects from taking the medication are as explained earlier in the case of depression disorder. The last disorder is the Tourette syndrome which is characterized by both physical (tics) and oral speech problems. It is unique in that its manifestation occurs during early childhood (Walkup, Mink Hollenbeck, 2006). Tourette’s disorder is believed to be a genetic and mental disorder and is also influenced by the surrounding though its real cause is yet to be established. Surprisingly, this disorder has no genuine medication unless strictly recommended by a psychiatrist. Psychotherapy is the only best approach for handling persons with Tourette which involves counseling and giving assurances. In the case of children, tak ing them to school will help alleviate the disorder. The essay has attempted to discuss the various psychological disorders/diseases. Although the disorders are numerous, the paper has evaluated schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The drugs used for treating them as well as the side effects of the medication where applicable have been discussed. References Robins, L.N, Regier DA, eds. (1999). Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Perspective Area Study. New York: The Free Press. Salters-Pedneault, K. (2009). Psychiatric Disorders. American Medical Journal, 7 (12), 9-67. Torrey, E. F. Knable, M. B. (2005). Manic-depressive illness: a guide on bipolar treatment. Basic Books. Walkup, J. T, Mink, J. W, Hollenbeck, P. J. (2006). Tourette syndrome. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This essay on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders was written and submitted by user Landyn Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Moby Dick

Type of Work: Allegorical novel Setting The high Seas; early nineteenth century Principal Characters Ishmael, a teacher-seaman (and narrator) Queequeg, a hardened and savage harpooner Ahab, captain of the Pequod Starbuck and Stubb, Ahab's first and second mates Fedallah, Captain Ahab's Parsee servant and seer Story Overview A Massachusetts schoolmaster, Ishmael chose to give up the comfort and security of his classroom and fulfill his romantic desire to go to sea. Leaving Manhatto, he traveled to the seaport town of New Bedford to seek out work on a whaler. Ishmael's first night in New Bedford was spent in the crusty Spouter Inn near the water_ front. There he found the only bed available which, by necessity, he consented to share with an unknown harpooner. His roommate turned out to be a bizarre fellow indeed, a hardened South-sea islander whose body was covered with tattoos. But after Ishmael's initial fear had subsided, he found this "strange bedfellow," Queequeg, to be quite friendly. The huge man offered to share his small fortune and an embalmed human head with Ishmael. "At first I knew not what to make of this," Ishmael said, "but soon an inkling of the truth occurred to me. I remembered a story of a white man - a whaleman too - who, falling among cannibals, had been tattooed by them. I concluded that this harpooner, in the course of his distant voy_ ages, must have met with a similar adventure. And what is it, thought 1, after all! It's only his outside; a man can be honest in any sort of skin." The two men became fast friends, both signing on as harpooners aboard the Pequod, a Quaker-owned whaler out of Nantucket. There had been some question around New Bedford as to the future fate of the Pequod because of its eccentric captain, Ahab. But both Ishmael and Queequeg had no intention of changing their plans. They set sail. For the first few days the curious captain stayed out of sight in his cabin, and... Free Essays on Moby Dick Free Essays on Moby Dick Moby Dick The moral ambiguity of the universe is prevalent throughout Melville’s Moby Dick. None of the characters represent pure evil or pure goodness. Even Melville’s description of Ahab, whom he repeatedly refers to "monomaniacal," suggesting an amorality or psychosis, is given a chance to be seen as a frail, sympathetic character. When Ahab’s "monomaniac" fate is juxtaposed with that of Ishmael, that moral ambiguity deepens, leaving the reader with an ultimate unclarity of principle. The final moments of Moby Dick bring the novel to a terse, abrupt climax. The mutual destruction of the Pequod and the White Whale, followed by Ishmael’s epilogue occupies approximately half a dozen pages. Despite Melville’s previous tendency to methodically detail every aspect of whaling life, he assumes a concise, almost journalistic approach in the climax. Note that in these few pages, he makes little attempt to assign value judgements to the events taking place. Stylistically, his narration is reduced to brusque, factual phrases using a greater number of semicolons. By ending the book so curtly, Melville makes a virtually negligible attempt at denouement, leaving what value judgements exist to the reader. Ultimately, it is the dichotomy between the respective fortunes of Ishmael and Ahab that the reader is left with. Herein lies a greater moral ambiguity than is previously suggested. Although Ishmael is the sole survivor of the Pequod, it is notable that in his own way, Ahab fulfills his desire for revenge by ensuring the destruction of the White Whale alongside his own end. Despite the seeming superiority of Ishmael’s destiny, Melville does not explicitly indicate so. On the contrary, he subtly suggests that Ishmael’s survival is lonely and empty upon being rescued: "It was the devious-cruising Rachel, that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found anothe... Free Essays on Moby Dick Authors throughout history have used the biblical accounts to enhance their own story. Herman Melville’s classic American novel Moby Dick is no exception. In Moby Dick, Melville uses innumerable biblical allusions, but readers can observe this literary technique best in the naming of his characters. The use of the Bible in literature is a powerful tool for an author; it allows him to place his characters and plot within an immortal context. Each character lives for a finite amount of time, but given a biblical name he will live forever in scripture. Also, the author's comparison of aspects of a novel allows the reader to know something more about the characters, settings, and context without an author's introduction. The reader brings a pre-formed notion to the text from his knowledge of the biblical material. Knowing this adds more poignancy to the frustration that Ahab has over his mission to kill the whale. In Moby Dick Melville acts as both parent and inventor. As author, he creates the characters and names them. Ishmael begins Moby Dick saying "Call me Ishmael." (Melville 1) We do not know if this is his real name but he chooses to identify with the biblical character. It is interesting to consider the name of Ishmael in respect to all the other biblical names of the novel. Ishmael is the only one who chooses his, while Melville determines the others' names. This is particularly significant in regard to Ahab. Ishmael is the only one with the power to choose his fate because he is able to choose his name. Ishmael chooses God as his protector when most other people have a parent. Ishmael's survival story is incredible and supports the idea that God was looking out for him since he is the only one to survive. Because God is willing to save Ishmael, Melville is willing to save him as well; Ishmael is the only one to survive. Ahab is another person all his own, with his own past and biblical reigned as the king of the Israel f... Free Essays on Moby Dick Type of Work: Allegorical novel Setting The high Seas; early nineteenth century Principal Characters Ishmael, a teacher-seaman (and narrator) Queequeg, a hardened and savage harpooner Ahab, captain of the Pequod Starbuck and Stubb, Ahab's first and second mates Fedallah, Captain Ahab's Parsee servant and seer Story Overview A Massachusetts schoolmaster, Ishmael chose to give up the comfort and security of his classroom and fulfill his romantic desire to go to sea. Leaving Manhatto, he traveled to the seaport town of New Bedford to seek out work on a whaler. Ishmael's first night in New Bedford was spent in the crusty Spouter Inn near the water_ front. There he found the only bed available which, by necessity, he consented to share with an unknown harpooner. His roommate turned out to be a bizarre fellow indeed, a hardened South-sea islander whose body was covered with tattoos. But after Ishmael's initial fear had subsided, he found this "strange bedfellow," Queequeg, to be quite friendly. The huge man offered to share his small fortune and an embalmed human head with Ishmael. "At first I knew not what to make of this," Ishmael said, "but soon an inkling of the truth occurred to me. I remembered a story of a white man - a whaleman too - who, falling among cannibals, had been tattooed by them. I concluded that this harpooner, in the course of his distant voy_ ages, must have met with a similar adventure. And what is it, thought 1, after all! It's only his outside; a man can be honest in any sort of skin." The two men became fast friends, both signing on as harpooners aboard the Pequod, a Quaker-owned whaler out of Nantucket. There had been some question around New Bedford as to the future fate of the Pequod because of its eccentric captain, Ahab. But both Ishmael and Queequeg had no intention of changing their plans. They set sail. For the first few days the curious captain stayed out of sight in his cabin, and... Free Essays on Moby Dick â€Å"MOBY DICK† The Symbolism Of The Whale In Moby Dick, Herman Melville uses the whale to symbolize Humankind’s inability to understand the world, to express the nature of human relationships, the concept or idea of God and environment. Melville seems to have an array of multiple symbolic meaning to the whale. I have found it difficult to follow through with one flowing theme. Moby Dick is an unfriendly force, interpreted as a symbolic representation of God, an impassable and all powerful being that humankind can neither understand nor defy. Through out Moby Dick, the whale is given divine qualities and often compared to God. Just as many people fear God they also feared Moby Dick. Moby Dick possesses an array of symbolic meanings for a variety of individuals. To the crew of the Pequod, the whale is a legendary concept on to which they can transfer their anxieties about dangerous and often very frightening jobs. Because they have no delusions about the whale acting spitefully toward men or exactly embodying evil, tales about the whale allow them to face their fear, manage it and continue on. Ahab, on they other hand, believes that Moby Dick is a sign of all that is evil with the world, and he feels that it is his destiny to destroy this symbol of evil. In destroying the whale, Ahab is also destroying his own fears and evil that faces him in the world. Melville shows that Moby Dick is capable of great violence. However, he also shows the whale living peacefully and tranquilly at sea until man attacks him. Ishmael tries an array of approaches to describe the whale, but none proves adequate. Ishmael is in awe of the whale. He sees Moby Dick quite differently; the whale is a representation of nature from its beauty and wonders to the terror and fear it can bring. The color (White) of the whale is a symbol that can be interpreted differently. Ishmael begins his discussion of â€Å"whiteness† by noting its use as a symbol of ...

How to Write a Research Paper on Childhood Obesity

How to Write a Research Paper on Childhood Obesity Research Paper on Obesity How to start a research paper on childhood obesity Tips on how to start Example of outline Example of thesis Example of childhood obesity research paper introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on childhood obesity Tips on body writing Example on 1st body paragraph Example on 2nd body paragraph Example on 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision Example of revision for the 1st body paragraph How to start a research paper on childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the most-researched health issues because of its prevalence all over the world. Researching this topic, many students are unsure of how to write a research paper in an organized manner. After a writer has chosen the general topic of childhood obesity, the next step is narrowing it down further for a coherent paper. Here are some tips on how to find specific topics as well as sample outlines, thesis, and introduction. Tips on how to start To create a good research paper, the author must be aware of the following dos and don’ts. Do use scholarly resources only to ensure the validity and reliability of the references. In general, access databases of peer-reviewed journals, which usually have the most credible articles. If using sources that can be found online, select websites which end with .gov or .edu as they are typically backed up by research and/or logic. Do not use invalid sources such as those found in non-academic blogs and the like as they will discredit the value of the arguments. Furthermore, assess the soundness of the references before relying on them. Check their references if they are credible as well as the logic of their arguments. After choosing several sources, type the topic â€Å"childhood obesity† in the database and scan the articles. Look for a narrower topic and focus on it. Choose a specific topic that is personally interesting for the writing process to be motivated and not merely about making the grade. Likewise, consider the required number of pages as this will affect the scope of the study. After deciding on the specific research focus, search for more articles about the subtopic and create an annotated bibliography to summarize initial findings and synthesize information later on. Write a detailed outline and fill out the information including references. Example of an outline Below is an example of an outline on childhood obesity. I. Introduction A. Prevalence of childhood obesity in the country. B. Why is it urgent to address childhood obesity? What are its health risks? C. Research question: What are the causes and how can parents address them? II. Causes of Childhood Obesity A. Genetics. B. Poor diet. C. Low physical activity. D. Psychological factors. E. Government and school policies that affect a child’s diet and physical activity. F. Parental factors. III. Effects of Childhood Obesity A. Physical. B. Social. C. Psychological. IV. Resolutions to Childhood Obesity at Parental Levels A. Motivate healthy eating. B. Model healthy living. C. Increase physical activity. D. Lobby for school and government policies that promote healthy eating and exercise. V. Conclusion Example of a thesis Childhood obesity has potential biological and social causes, and parents should strive to respond to as many factors in order to reduce its negative effects on their children. Family adults have the power of changing the lives of their children and they should do so by being rightful role models of good health and encourage physical activity. At the same time, they can advocate for policies that encourage eating natural food and exercise. Hence, parents have vital functions to play in both preventing and resolving childhood obesity and must be proactive so that it can be stopped in their very own homes. Example of a childhood obesity research paper introduction The introduction has the following basic components. It should state the purpose of the research as well as the thesis. It should also describe how the student intends to approach the topic. Below is an example of an introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most significant health issues of the twenty-first century. Around the world, there are around 42 million of overweight children. Parents have a significant responsibility in preventing and resolving childhood obesity. The paper attempts to understand its causes and present solutions that parents can conduct. Childhood obesity has diverse possible causes including genetics and social factors with countless adverse impacts, and in order for parents to help resolve it, they require changes in their own family as well as be supportive of health policies and initiatives. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on childhood obesity Before starting writing a body notice that body writing must be organized and relevant to the thesis. Tips on body writing First, each body must connect back to the thesis. Second, every paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that has supporting ideas or arguments. Third, all sentences must flow in a systematic manner with the right transition signals, such as the words, â€Å"Subsequently† and â€Å"In connection.† Fourth, eliminate all unnecessary or unrelated information. Fifth, the last sentence should summarize the points in the paragraph and present the transition to the next idea. Example of the 1st body paragraph Here is a sample of the first body paragraph using the outline: Childhood obesity has complex and numerous causes. Genetics can make one prone to obesity. Besides genetics, a poor diet filled with sugary, fried food can increase body mass. Lack of physical activity can produce fatty tissues as well. Other factors that contribute to obesity are psychological elements, policies, and parents. Example of the 2nd body paragraph The second paragraph focuses on the effects of childhood obesity. Underneath is a sample: Several consequences result from childhood obesity. Physically, obese children are prone to medical conditions when they grow older such as fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. Socially, obese children can experience bullying and stigma. They may have problems making friends and become dissatisfied at school and life in general. Psychologically, children with obesity could suffer from low self-esteem as well as depression. Example of the 3rd body paragraph The third paragraph focuses on solutions at household levels: First, parents should motivate healthy living by discussing the benefits of natural food versus the disadvantages of fast food. Second, adults must be models of clean living by preparing and consuming foods high in protein or vitamins and minerals. Third, family members should exercise together such as walk an hour or more each day or engage in regular sports for at least 30 minutes. Fourth, voting members must lobby for school and government policies that promote healthy eating and exercise. How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing The concluding paragraph finishes the frame of the research arguments. It can start with a restated thesis. Next, it must sum up the whole essay. Also, the author should consider contextualizing the research in a broader scope to boost its relevance to the readers. Likewise, avoid introducing new topics at this point to prevent confusing readers. Furthermore, the conclusion should end with the feeling of completion or a call to action. It must have a positive note instead of a depressing sentiment. Example of conclusion Childhood obesity has potential biological and social causes, and parents should strive to respond to as many factors in order to reduce its negative effects on their children. Family adults have the power of changing the lives of their children and they should do so by being rightful role models of good health and encourage physical activity. At the same time, they can advocate for policies that encourage eating natural food and exercise. Hence, parents have vital functions to play in both preventing and resolving childhood obesity and must be proactive so that it can be stopped in their very own homes. Tips on research paper revision Revision is the last stage of research writing before submitting the final draft to your professor and for a thorough revision, here are the following tips. Remember that revising entails thinking deeply about the soundness of ideas, refining arguments, changing the order or content of paragraphs to make the flow better, and rewording awkward sentences. First, revise early. Avoid revising at the last minute as this will result in missing problems in your paper, such as incorrect spelling and grammar. Second, have breaks during revision. After revising, take an hour or even possible, a day or two, in order to have fresh eyes that are more accurate in detecting writing weaknesses. Third, read your paper out loud as this is effective in determining unclear or awkward writing. Fourth, focus on proofreading first and remove grammar and usage mistakes. Fifth, read as the audience would. Detach the self from the work and read from the perspective of the reader. Is the paper persuasive and interesting? Is there something else that can be one for it to be better? Sixth, have another person read it and respond to feedback. Seventh, apply changes, take a rest for a day or a few days if time permits, read the paper again, and do final proofreading and editing for writing problems. Example of revision for the 1st body paragraph Childhood obesity has numerous, possibly interconnected internal and external causes. Genetics can make a person prone to obesity as the DNA itself may have specific markers that increase the body’s ability to retain adipose tissues. Biological factors can make a huge difference between someone who gets fat easily and another who eats anything without gaining a pound. Besides genetics, a poor diet filled with sugary, fried food can increase body mass. Lack of physical activity can result in the accumulation of fatty tissues as well. Other factors that contribute to obesity are psychological elements, policies, and parents. They can interact and raise obesity risks, such as when a policy allows fast food inside schools, thereby encouraging eating fried foods and boosting the prevalence of obesity.

English Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

English Composition - Essay Example Now I understand that gay marriages are to be considered an essential human rights issue. It could raise the social statues and economic stability of the sexual minority of gays and lesbians. The civil rights aspect of it stems from the question of equality for all individuals. Homosexuals have to be treated on an equal basis in the socio-cultural sphere, and be provided equal opportunities to participate in all possible areas of public domain. The narrow-minded arguments against it by religious sects and homophobes have to be addressed and disproved so as to defend the basic rights of homosexuals. One may need to redefine the parameters of family structure to accommodate gay marriages, but that will only strengthen the possibilities of tackling the issues of dissent in the general social structure. A few of the controversial issues related to gay marriages have to be addressed and analyzed to make this view clear. The real reasons behind the arguments against gay marriages go deeper to the levels of ignorance and lack of proper understanding among human beings. Many are misinformed regarding the nature of gay relationships and consider it as something entirely different from heterosexual relationships. Gay relationships are often perceived to be all about sex, but that is hardly the issue. The reality is that homosexuality is based on mutual attraction, love and affection, very much like in the case of heterosexuality. If the commonly held misconceptions regarding gay relationships can be eradicated, the prospect of gay marriages can be understood clearly. The false presumption that a marriage can take place only between a man and woman has to be uprooted. Nor does one have to fall for the argument that the basic purpose of marriage is procreation. The element of immorality attached to gay relationships is also

United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 - Case Study Example y afforded to law enforcement officers, and on the other a deviation from well-established rule against illegal searches and seizures diminishing a commonly accepted constitutional right. Cruikshank (1986) thus ascertains that â€Å"The inquiry no longer is whether the fourth amendment was violated but whether the deterrent effect of the exclusionary rule outweighs the potential cost of losing valuable evidence† (p. 417). There is now a shift from individual rights to the duties of police officers in establishing the correct application of the Constitution as determined by the judiciary. This is a far cry from the basic premise of any constitution as the fundamental law of the land. It must serve as a limitation on the powers of government and a reminder of the supremacy of the people. The inclusion of probable cause in the criterion for the issuance of a warrant was a definitive statement as to the powers that may be accorded in the proper disturbance of a person in his rights. The defense of good faith seems as an easy enough loophole to violate what I ardently believed to be a constitutional right despite how the Supreme Court ruled otherwise. Cruikshank, C. (1986). Dismantling the exclusionary rule: United States v. Leon and the courts of Washington-should good faith excuse bad acts? University of Puget Sound Law Review, 9. Retrieved from

Substance Abuse Essay Example for Free

Substance Abuse Essay OBJECTIVE: Analyze specified social problems facing contemporary United States. The social problem taken into consideration in contemporary United States is substance abuse. The World Health Organisation (2014) defined substance abuse as the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and other illicit .Psychoactive substance use can lead to a dependence syndrome, that is to say, a cluster of behavioural, cognitive and psychological phenomena that develop after a repeated use and that typically include a strong urge to take the substance and finding difficulties in controlling its use. Substance abuse is a social canker in contemporary US. Examples of substances that are abused are marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, heroin and alcohol. People abuse these substances due to various reasons and the society in which we live has a hand in this social canker. It is now common to see young people specially adolescents engaging and experimenting with substances such as alcohol, cocaine, morphine and tobacco in the US. Substance abuse actually affects the individuals, the society and the government of the US. Substances abuse has adversarially affected the economy of the US due to the fact that resources which could have been used to further develop the US have been channelled to controlling substance abuse and its associated problems. Many violent crimes have been linked to the mind- altering effects of substances abused. Substance abusers often commit theft to support their drug habits. In contemporary US, more than half of the economic cost of alcohol and drugs is due to crime. Most substance abusers are involved in criminal activities such as gang –rape, assault, armed robbery and these criminal activities really affect US negatively. Another extent at which substance abuse affects the United States is the incident of diseases. Most of the abused substances have harmful health effects which downsizes the United States. Diseases attributable to substance abuse which affects the US negatively are high blood pressure, stroke, heart damage, and tetanus, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea and cirrhosis as well as several degrees of cancers. The diseases outlined costs the US billions of dollars in treating them and the monies used in treating these diseases could have been used in other developmental sectors. From my own sociological perspective, a sociological theory is a set of ideas that provides a detailed explanation of any occurrence or happenings  in the society. Based on my perspective of sociological theory, I would say as a fact that peer pressure is one of the main causes of substance abuse in contemporary US.US is a nation where the societal power of peers really exists. In a society, everyone wants to be seen as a member of a group or class and even better still associated with a group. When this happens, those left in a group of substance abusers are left with no option than to use and abuse substances such as cocaine, alcohol and marijuana due to the fear of being left out in that particular group or class. Pressure from peers is a major causing factor of substance abuse because a peer group is a strong agent of socialization in the society; peer groups are able to influence other individuals in the group to abuse substances because it makes them smart in class, it boosts confidence in them and other persuasive reasons which has the tendency to influence the individual to also abuse such substances. REFERENCE 1. World Health Organization. (2014). Substance abuse. Retrieved 11-11-14 from http://www.who.int/topics/substance abuse/en/

A Sociological Analysis of Ron Howards Apollo 13 Essay -- essays resea

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ron Howard’s re-creation of the happenings aboard NASA’s Apollo 13 flight combined some of the biggest talent in Hollywood to produce a masterful film. Apollo 13 takes us back in time, to the late 1960’s and early 70’s, when America’s NASA space program was thriving and the world stood aside to see who would reach the moon first. The impacts of space program are still evident to this day. It is even said that by beating the Russians to the moon, we established ourselves are the top power in the world and propelled ourselves to the status we hold today. While today our space program flounders in the public eye, this movie illustrates a time when NASA’s successes and failures held a huge sociological impact on American and even international life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many different aspects, the American space program and more specifically the rescue of the Apollo 13 crew really showed traits similar to those found in any three of the major sociological perspectives: functionalist, symbolic interactionism, and conflict. On one hand, it can be seen that NASA is a large structure formed of many smaller structures that keep is going. The government funds NASA, NASA hires crew to build and fly the ships and the different crews do their separate parts to come together as a whole and make it all work out (much as the crew on the ground did during the rescue mission of the Apollo 13 crew). Now on the other hand, the symbolic interactionism really shows itself in not just the rescue mission or space program itself, but involving everyone throughout the entire film. Symbolic interactionism determines how we place importance on things in life and how we form our opinions and priorities. Walking on the moon was the most important thing to Jim Lovell early in the film. However as events unfolded, Jim realized the real importance was life itself and his family and crew. Again, without symbols, Jim’s family wouldn’t have meant as much to him and he may have disregarded them altogether. The final of the three sociological perspectives is the conflict perspective. While this perspective becomes scarcely evident in the film, it doesn’t play nearly as important a role as do the other two. The only time that any form of power struggle appeared was early in the flight when Jim and Fred didn’t appreciate Jack being on their ship, probabl... ...xploited shortcomings and downfalls have brought public criticism and governmental funding cutbacks. Its successes are no longer praised in the American eye and have been put aside as a national priority ever since its glory days in the late 60’s and early 70’s. No longer does the space program serve as a uniting force, but as a program many think is unneeded when placed beside other national issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Ron Howard’s Apollo 13 was a riveting re-creation of the real events that took place more than a quarter-century ago. This movie serves as a model of American society and its sociological aspects. It illustrates various lessons in understanding society and social interaction not just among the three crew members aboard Apollo 13, but the entire NASA crew and all of America and the world that watched the events unfold. Although the space program’s influence on American lifestyle is not as significant as it was in the 1960’s and 70’s, its importance to the survival of mankind is vastly underestimated. Instead, much of American attention in this new century is directed towards warfare, terrorism and growing internal issues with the government.

Firefly: Malaysia Airlines and Airline Industry Essay

2.0 Background to the organization Firefly is the wholly-owned subsidiary by the Malaysia Airline System Berhad (MAS). Firefly is launched on April 3rd 2007 as well as it is the Malaysia’s first community airline that operated under FlyFirefly Sdn Bhd. the Malaysia’s first community airline also known as a new Malaysian no-frills airline. The name of Firefly is come from the characteristics of agility, brilliance, charm, and fun. Firefly offers a full service point-to-point carrier. The head office of Firefly is located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor. The first flight of the Firefly was from Subang Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport to Penang International Airport, on the 2nd April 2007. Besides Airline of Air Asia Berhad, Firefly is another low-cost airliner. It mean that Firefly has the separate management compare with MAS even though it is wholly-owned subsidiary by MAS. Firefly is operated in two hubs that are located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, Subang, Selangor and Penang International Airport. Penang is the second big hub after the Kuala Lumpur. The aim of the Firefly is to bring communities closer by overcoming geographical constraints, link the world to the communities we serve, and contribute to the economy of the communities by bringing trade and tourism. Firefly not only wants to bring together the community in Malaysia but also for travelers to visit both of our neighboring countries and throughout the region. Become the Malaysia’s first community airline, Firefly most emphasis on the safety and comfort it its flying experience. However, Firefly try their best to provide the best service to their customers such as getting their customers to the destination in the shorter time, cost effective and make flying Firefly as a fun. 3.0 Situation analysis Positive or negative of general environment in the airline industry will significant affect the growth of the Firefly Airline. In order to growth the position and hit the target of Firefly, it is important to understand the current situation of external factor that can influence the Firefly Airline. 3.1General Environment 3.1.1 Political Fully Deregulation of the airline since December 2008 allow the member state to fly across other’s territory, make fuelling stop as well as pick up the passenger in order to complete their journey to reach their destination. This deregulation brings the benefit such as enhance the customer’s choice and increase the competition. For most time, the political stability and government decision will directly affect the direction and decision of the company. For example, the Malaysian government policy to support and develop the Low Cost Travel sector (Bernama 2006) was good news well for Firefly because Firefly applied the strategies of low cost carrier. Another example is Firefly took over the service rural air service in year 2007 announced by Transport Minister Datuk Seri Chan Kong Choy (The star 2007). Datuk Seri Chan Kong Choy announced that the rural air service was the responsibility of the government and they will continue to subsidies the cost for the operation of the rural air service to maintain the low-fare structure. Apart from that, On the 24 March 2010, the state government of Perak signed a contract for strategies collaboration with Firefly to promote tourism and foreign investment in their state. The decision of the state government brings good news to Firefly. Though this collaboration, Firefly can enhance their reputation and increase their profit. Ps: if too much words, can delete it or add to opportunity. 3.1.2 Economic [pic] Firure1: Traffic Update for Association of Asia Pacific Airlines (AAPA) Member Airlines Source: AAPA (2010). From the figure 1, we can clearly see that the increase 10.7% in the passengers by November 2010 compared with November 2009. The main reason for the increase in passengers is Asia Pacific carrier had successfully in economic downturn. However, carriers need to carefully in the global recovery economic in develop market as well as the threat of high oil price or government increase the taxes. Due to the global recovery economic, Firefly planed to increase 3 new planes as the demand of travel. However, Firefly will be caution in the fuel cost since it steadily rising. 3.1.3 Socio cultural As a lower travel carrier, Firefly position itself at the middle class airline. Hence, we can see that Firefly always focus on four community that are The Holiday Goers community, the â€Å"Balik Kampung† Community, The â€Å"Indonesia Workers† community, and The Business Community. The Holiday Goers community is convenient to the tourists or Malaysians who like to visit the Langkawi, Phuket, Koh Samui. Firefly provides an attractive price for the tourists to encourage them flight on Firefly. For the â€Å"Balik Kampung† Community and the â€Å"Indonesia Workers† community, there have the same purpose. It allow the worker who work on other state or country as well as for those who want visit their relatives at hometown to reach their destination easily at a reasonable price. In addition, Firefly connect with major cities such as Johor Bahru, Penang, Alor Setar and Subang enable the executive travel their business trip convenient. 3.1.4 Technological  The aircraft of Firefly is the product that combined with the advanced technology. The aircraft named ATR 72-500 not only fuel efficiency, but also for the noise friendly. It compliant with noise regulations and have a large margin with regard to Chapter IV (ICAO) noise regulations effective 1st January 2006. ATR operate at relatively low altitude, leaving the ozone layer unaffected and barely contributing to pollution of the upper atmosphere such as features of low fuel burn and gaseous emissions. It also supports the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol as it is an opportunity to contribute to the prosperity of developing countries through the transfer of cleaner and greener technologies. Besides this, the 72-seat aircraft will be equipped with the â€Å"Elegance† cabin, Light Emitting Diode (LED) as well as the newest technological innovations in passenger comfort, communications and navigation tools. 3.2 Industry condition [pic] The Porter’s five force model is major affected in the airline industry due to the airline industry become the major and important industry in our world. Though the five forces of Porter, we can clearly understand the industry condition. The five forces include rivalry among existing competitors, threat of new entrants, threats of substitution products or services, bargaining power of supplier and bargaining power of buyer. 3.2.1 Rivalry among existing competitors  Rivalry among existing competitors mean that the competition between the existing competitors in an industry. Normally, this type of competition earn a low returns because the cost of competition are quite high. The competitors exist in the airline industry is high. Except the Firefly owned by MAS, there also have Air Asia, Berjaya Air, Layang-Layang Aerospace, Sabah Air and Hornbill Skyways which is a helicopter service that operates in the rural area of Sarawak. In order to boosts its market share, all competitors will try their best to offer different type of services, cut-fare and other benefit to grab the more and more customers from their competitor. This type of competition will result the overall slow market growth rate. 3.2.2 Threat of new entrants Threat of new entrants refers to the threat of new competitors to enter the exits market. If the new entrants can enter the market easily, that means the barriers to entry are low. Whereas if the new entrants difficult to enter the market, the barriers of entry are high. In the airline industry, the market is nearly saturated with the existing airline such as MAS, Air Asia, and Firefly and so on. The new entrants will face a lot of barriers if they want enter the market. One of the barriers is cost of entry. Airline industry is expensive industry. The cost of technology, buying or leasing aircraft and manpower are high. Another barrier is the brand name of existing market. For the most time, customers will loyalty to the brand that they preferred 3.2.3 Threat of substitute product A threat of substitute product is stated that the availability of another product that customers can purchases to replace for existing product. Airline industry considers highly risk in threats of substitute product. Customers would change their choice to another airline company if that company provides the lower price than others. The competitions between the airline industries enable all competitors to come out the better services, promotion and lower price. 3.2.4 Bargaining power of suppliers  Bargaining power of suppliers is the ability to setting the price. Normally the suppliers are power if there are not so many substitute supplier and suppliers more control and concentrated. The main suppliers in the Airline Industry are Boeing and Airbus. Therefore, airline industry isn’t any cutthroat competition due to the limited of suppliers. In other words, Airline Company less opportunity for the bargaining in industry and it can be threats of industry. 3.2.5 Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of buyers refer to the ability of the customers to setting the price. In Airline industry, bargaining power of customers are high because the highly competitive.

The Soviet Union and the United States

After WWII The Soviet Union and the United States had many different political ideologies particularly communism and capitalism. Capitalism is a belief that private property should be replaced by community ownership. Communism is opposed private ownership economies of the United States and its allies. Based on Document A, a document was first telegraphed to American officials in Washington on February 22, 1946 and it happened after WWII. In Document A the United States made the idea of containment.Containment is the idea of the Soviet Union and Soviet communism should not be allowed to spread. One idea of containment was the Berlin Airlift and the Berlin Blockade. The Berlin airlift went from June 27th 1948 to May 12th, 1949(Document B). Between these two dates Stalin and The Soviet Union decided to stop any shipments including food coming into West Berlin. What happened to West Berlin was that they were completely surrounded by communism and may have to surrender if it not been for the US and it allies.Then a year after on May 12th,1949 Stalin stopped the blockade ( Document B). This is a good demonstration of containment because it shows that Stalin failed with the blockade because he caused the West Berliners to quit and give up all they and had and turn to Communism. Another idea of containment was the United States answers to the Korean War. The war started on June 25th 1950 and ended on July 27th 1953( Doc C). What happened was the on June 25th, 1950 North Korea first invades South Korea ( Document C).North Korea was supported by Harry Truman and the Soviets and attacked South Korea which was supported by General Douglas MacArthur and help of the United Nations The war had caused 50,000 American death and 2 million of others. China decided to help North Korea because they lacked the logistical support to supply any further pressure to the south ( Document C). The Korean War shows Containment by keeping North Korea contained and communism did not work to s pread. The last demonstration of containment was the Cuban Missile Crisis.On January 1959 the country Cuba becomes communist under a guy named Fidel Castro. Three years after that on May 1962 the soviets secretly begin the shipping of 40,000 troops, 60 missiles and 158 nuclear warheads to Cuba. ( Document D). In response to this the Unites States announced a separation against ships carrying offensive weapons to Cuba. Then in April 1963 in a quiet agreement with the soviets United States removes the missiles from Turkey. This shows containment by the Cubans failing to use the soviets missiles against the US.

The Rule Of The Many essays

The Rule Of The Many essays Democracy, literally, means the rule of the many. Here in Canada, we are lucky enough to live in a liberal democracy. We all have the right to vote and elect officials to represent us in government, a priviledge that citizens of only 69.2% of coutries currently have1. But how much of a say does the average person really have in how the country is run? We do not have a say in the day to day activities of the government, nor do we get to vote in major decisions facing our society that will affect us directly. Every four years, we walk down the street, check off a box on a ballot, and leave feeling proud that we just made our contribution to society. While this process is democratic, there are several flaws in it as well, and many would argue that there is a better alternative. In this paper, I will compare our current liberal representative democracy to direct democracy, which would in theory put more power into the hands of ordinary citizens. The liberal democracy that we live in now is a representative democracy. In this system, we elect people to represent us in the government and to make choices on our behalf. We vote for people that share the same values and ideals as us, so that we can remain confident that our voices are being heard in parliament. It is by this method that our society remains ruled by the many, and that every adult, regardless of sex, race, or age has a say in how our country is run. In a true direct democracy, every person would have an equal say in government. We may elect officials to represent us in government, but they would not vote or speak on our behalf, we would do it ourselves. Each decision would ultimately be left in the hands of the citizens. Every person would have an equal say in what went on, and each persons vote would count equally. This would definitely ensure a more truly democratic process than a representative democracy would, but it would be virtually imposs...

Favorite Spanish Proverbs With English Translations

Favorite Spanish Proverbs With English Translations The Spanish language is rich with refranes, sayings or proverbs that often become a shorthand way of conveying a thought or expressing a judgment. Here you will find a collection of a sayings, one for each day of the month. Of the literally hundreds of sayings that are a part of the language, this list includes some of the most common as well as a few others that were chosen simply because they are interesting. Refranes espaà ±oles  / Spanish Sayings Ms vale pjaro en mano que cien volando.  A bird in the hand is worth more than 100 flying. (A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.) Ojos que no ven, corazà ³n que no  siente.  Eyes that do not see, heart that does not feel. No por mucho madrugar amanece ms temprano.  Not through much awaking early does the dawn come earlier. El amor es ciego.  Love is blind. Perro que no camina, no  encuentra  hueso.  The dog that doesnt walk doesnt find a bone. (You cant succeed if you dont try.) Dime con quià ©n  andas  y te dirà © quià ©n eres.  Tell me with whom you walk and I will tell you who you are. (A man is known by the company he keeps.) El diablo sabe ms por viejo que por diablo.  The devil knows more due to being old than by being the devil. A la luz de la tea, no hay mujer fea.  By the light of the torch there is no ugly woman. Haz el bien, y no mires a quià ©n.  Do the good, and dont look at whom. (Do what is right, not what will gain approval.) El que nacià ³ para tamal, del cielo le caen las hojas.  The leaves fall from the sky for him who was born for the tamal (a traditional Mexican food made from corn leaves). No hay mal que por bien no venga.  There is no bad from which good doesnt come. Quien no tiene, perder no puede.  He who doesnt have is unable to lose. (You cant lose what you dont have.) No todo lo que brilla es oro.  Not all that shines is gold. (Not everything that glitters is gold.) Perro que ladra no muerde.  The dog that barks doesnt bite. A caballo regalado no se le mira el diente.  Dont look at the tooth of a horse that was given. (Dont look a gift horse in the mouth.) A Dios rogando y con el mazo dando.  To God praying and with the mallet using. (God helps those who help themselves.) Eso es harina de otro costal.  That is wheat from a different bag. (Its a bird of a different feather.) De tal palo, tal astilla.  From such a stick, such a splinter. (A chip off the old block.) Para el hombre no hay mal pan. (O, para el hambre no hay mal pan.)  There is no bad bread for man. (Or, there is no bad bread for hunger.) Las desgracias nunca vienen solas.  Misfortunes never come alone. (Bad things happen in threes.) De buen vino, buen vinagre.  From good wine, good vinegar. El que la sigue, la consigue.  He who follows it attains it. (You get what you work for.) Saliste de Guatemala y te metiste en Guatepeor.  You left Guate-bad and went to Guate-worse. A quien madruga, Dios le ayuda.  God helps the one who arises early. (God helps those who help themselves. The early bird catches the worm. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.) Camarà ³n que se duerme, se lo lleva la corriente.  The shrimp that falls asleep gets carried away by the current. Del dicho al hecho, hay mucho trecho.  From the saying to the act, there is much distance. (Saying something and doing it are two different things.) Si quieres el perro, acepta las pulgas.  If you want the dog, accept the fleas. (If you cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen. Love me, love my faults.) De noche todos los gatos son negros.  At night all cats are black. Lo que en los libros no est, la vida te enseà ±ar.  That which isnt in books, life will teach you. (Life is the best teacher.) La ignorancia es atrevida.  Ignorance is courageous. Cada uno lleva su cruz.  Everyone carries his cross. (We each have our own cross to bear.)

Fox in Socks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fox in Socks - Essay Example Materials †¢ Fox in Socks †¢ Ball †¢ Chalkboard †¢ Chalk Pre-lesson (attention gaining) activity (10-15 min.) †¢ Play 'Rhyme Time' with class, having leader give the word and pass the ball, each student giving a rhyming word or passing until the game goes full circle, then the next person gets to choose a word. Introduction (Stimulus Material) (15 min.) †¢ Bring students to the carpet †¢ Introduce title of book that the class will be working with : Fox in socks †¢ "What do you notice about this title?" (It rhymes) †¢ "We're going to be doing a lot with rhyming today." †¢ "What are some other words you can think of that rhyme with fox, besides socks? If you've got a rhyme, raise your hand." †¢ Record rhyming words on paper/board †¢ As we go through the story, keep a lookout for these words, I bet we'll find most of them! If we come across some words in the book that we didn't think of, we can add them." Procedure (15 min. ) †¢ "If you're not already sitting criss-cross, quickly get into position. It will be necessary for the second activity we're going to be doing while I read you the book." †¢ Do read aloud with Fox in Socks (Instruct students to clap when they hear 'Knox' and slap their knees when they hear 'Fox') (Cross off/highlight words on list as they are read in book, after children point them out) †¢ "Fox in Socks is a book that is made up of tongue twisters, phrases that are really hard to say.

Factors in hiring educational leaders Assignment

Factors in hiring educational leaders - Assignment Example Rather than focusing on the composition of the school, those tasked with the duty of hiring of educational leaders ought to focus on data that revolve around student performance, such as the curriculum being offered, differences in instruction and the level of assessment (Reeves, 2007). The influence of the above data on student achievement by far outweighs the influence of school demographic, which will focus on issues of race, gender, ethnic minorities and the number of second language students (Reeves, 2007). An educational leader should not be picked as the better candidate for simply being white, black, Asian or for representing a large part of the student demographic. This will not only ensure that the interviewing panel does not get it wrong in the choice they make, but will also ensure that equality of all candidates is upheld, where no person gets an upper hand for belonging to this demographic or the other (Reeves, 2007). In my view, all students have the ability to learn, and educational achievement should not be pegged on one’s demographic. Educational institutions and those charged with picking their leaders should not create the wrong perception that the various student demographics have different levels of learning ability (Reeves, 2007). Instead, the education leader ought to be a person who is a uniting factor, with vast knowledge of the various cultures of the different members of their student body. This will enable them to tackle each student individually and not as a member of a certain demographic (Reeves, 2007). Educational leaders such as principals and college deans who will be more effective at their job are those who focus their attention on the current and previous actions of the institutions they hope to lead rather than the constitution of the student

Meditations on First Philosophy by Ren Descartes Essay

Meditations on First Philosophy by Ren Descartes - Essay Example For the first mediation, the philosopher realizes that throughout his life he has accepted great many falsehoods as truth and based since he judged their validity through his senses. However he has realized that his senses are not objective and can easily be deceived or manipulated, thus for him to find the ultimate truth that cannot be questioned, he needs must deconstruct everything he has learnt so far. He decides them to demolish all his former beliefs and assertions upon which doubt can be cast and start afresh with, what he can be sure can be verified as true beyond any doubt. However, the mediator does not examine for doubt his former believes individually, he puts them together and questions their authenticity by introspecting on the method by which he formed these conclusions. Ultimately, he realizes that the conclusions on which he has based opinions were formed by means of senses he admits that human senses are on the large quite sturdy. At most, they are only likely to mi sconceive when it comes to small far away object; he acquiesces to the fact that his senses have in the past played him false on several occasions. Bearing that in mind, he concludes that t would be unwise, nonetheless, to trust wholly anything has proven capable of deception in the past. Ergo, Descartes creates enough reason and justification to put into doubt what he has learnt through the five human senses, which are also the primary method by which scientific data is collected. As he is creating this line of thought, the philosopher seated by the fire realizes that by virtue of the fact he can feel the warmth of the fire and determine that he is awake and alert. However, this reasoning is easily challenged under the theory of doubt; he says that although he uses the fire to determine he is awake, even when he is dreaming, he experiences similar sensations to the ones he is currently feeling. Descartes also argues that even in matters of simple arithmetic and geometry, it is poss ible to be misguided and deceived; he presumes that since he at times assumes that others may be wrong in a matter in which they believe are right, such may still be applied to him by a higher being. As such, it is possible when he adds two and two to find four or when he counts four sides in a square; it is possible he is being deceived. The superior being in this case would be God who is supposed to be all good and all-powerful; if his existence is real, then it translates that the simple perceptions such as arithmetic problems should be real. However, that would only be true under the premises that God does indeed exist and possess the aforementioned attributes, the other option would be that God is capable of deliberately deceiving us or that he does not exist. Under the premises of his nonexistence, it would then mean that man is controlled and manipulated by another being, which postulates could be an evil genius, as opposed to, a supremely good God or possibly in his place. H e thus determines that in consideration of such occurrences being true, in his mediation he would suspend his believes on the authenticity of even these elementary truths. Such are the basic parts that make up the universe such as colors shapes and numbers viewing them as â€Å"nothing but bedeviling hoaxes of my dreams†, which the deceiver can lay snares for his skepticism. The second mediation serves to develop

New Fitness Trends And Crazes Physical Education Essay

New Fitness Trends And Crazes Physical Education Essay The fitness industry is constantly diversifying with new fitness trends and crazes. The most recent trend is Zumba. Zumba is being marketed as a new exciting way to stay active and healthy. It boasts of its fun aspect and its ability to bring people together to get fit and have fun at the same time. Founder, Alberto Perez a Miami based dancer once forgot his traditional music to a fitness class he was leading and instead used some Latin music tapes. He delivered the session letting the music lead and guide him like in a club. The participants loved it and so Zumba was born. Now, more than 3 million DVDs have been sold in over 30 countries. In a recent poll, Zumba ranked 9th for international fitness trends in the year 2012 (Thompson, 2012). Zumba currently has well over 9,000 instructors worldwide and on October 15, 2007 Zumba was showcased on the Today Show. In October 2008, worldwide Virgin Active sport centres started proposing Zumba classes in their programs (Zumba Fitness, 2012). Today, Virgin Active in Norwich offers an exclusive range of fitness classes including; body pump, body combat and step classes. Zumba features in their aerobic classes, and is fast growing in popularity says the Norwich Virgin Active Fitness Manager in an interview (see appendices). However despite the ever-growing popularity and widespread of Zumba, there is still very little documented research highlighting the potential fitness and health benefits of the dancing phenomenon. The author, a volunteer at Virgin Active agreed with fitness managers that determining the average exercise intensity and energy expenditure during a Zumba class could provide valuable information about the classes Virgin has to offer and a unique selling point. This project set out to determine the average exercise intensity and energy expenditure during a Zumba fitness class at Virgin Active. Literature review Melissa Napier conducted a case study, investigating if and how, Zumba fitness has impacted womens participation in Doon Valley Leisure Centre. The objectives were to source out the reasons and factors that were impacting female participation levels within physical activity. The research found that for a fitness centre in Dalmellington, the majority of Zumba participants were aged between 40-59 years. However these results were obtained from both Zumba and Aqua Zumba participants which supports evidence in the secondary research that Aqua fitness is popular and recommended to the elderly population. Zumba participants said they attend classes because they think Zumba is an enjoyable exercise and allows them to socialize whilst increasing their fitness. Section 2 of the questionnaire asked the Zumba participants what they think makes Zumba different and more appealing than other forms of exercise, 44% answered Fun. Other activities that the Zumba participants said they enjoy include: Aqua Zumba and swimming. For the non Zumba participants they said they preferred gym, swim and fitness classes other than Zumba. This is not surprising as 80% of non Zumba participants are members and all these services are accessible to them as they are included in the membe rship prices. Evidence in Secondary research shows that interest in sport declines with age however the investigators primary research shows that 53% of Zumba/Aqua Zumba participants are 40-59 years old with only 7% aged 16-24 years old. Although Zumba may not appeal to all, it is 16-24yrs with latent demand for more physical activity options according to the Active People Survey carried out by the Womens Sport and Fitness Foundation. The only other literature which examined the exercise intensity of Zumba was conducted at Adelphi University (Otto et al., 2011). It reported caloric expenditure during Zumba to be between 6.6 and 7.4 Kcal ·min-1 depending on the particular dance style being performed. However there appears to be a wide range in the intensity of Zumba and other group fitness classes, depending upon the choreography and enthusiasm of the instructor. The enthusiasm of the instructor, as well as the experience of being in a group setting, often spills over to the participants, who then work harder. This cannot be captured when following video-taped workouts and the growing popularity of Zumba warrants additional research into this growing fitness trend. Methodology Twelve healthy female volunteers (20  ± 1.5 years, 1.57  ± 0.08 m, 61.9  ± 22.6 kg) were selected from the Virgin Active fitness club in Norwich. All participants were regular exercisers and were relatively experienced at participating in Zumba fitness classes. Prior to participating in the research project, all subjects were asked to complete a PAR-Q and provide written informed consent. Participants completed a health history questionnaire to check for any contra-indications which would prevent them from participating, and were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time, even after giving their written consent. The data produced from the study was kept confidential and the participants were able to access their particular data if requested. Prior to the Zumba class, each participant had to perform an incremental, maximal treadmill test in the Norwich City College sports laboratory. This test measured the participants heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2). Test procedures can be found in appendices. From this test, an individual linear regression equation was developed for each subject to predict VO2 from HR. This equation was subsequently used to predict VO2 (ml ·kg-1 ·min-1) during the Zumba session for that subject. Measurements of steady state oxygen uptake by the participants were used as an indirect method to measure energy expenditure (calorimetry). Energy expenditure was calculated from the predicted VO2 data assuming a constant of 5 Kcal ·L-1 of O2 consumed. Similar studies had demonstrated that the HR-VO2 relationship during treadmill exercise accurately reflected the HR-VO2 relationship during Zumba. After treadmill testing, subjects were given a Zumba DVD and told to practice the routine at least three times prior to the class. Following the treadmill test, all participants took part in a Zumba session. The Zumba class was delivered by a fully qualified zumba instructor in a sports hall at Virgin Active. During the class, all participants wore a heart rate monitor which recorded all the data throughout the session. After the session, the data was inserted into the individuals HR-VO2 regression equation to estimate the VO2 and energy expenditure of the participant during the class. Sampling Participants were recruited from Virgin Active. Participants were found using a simple snowball sampling technique because of the social networks that existed between class members. Zumba enthusiasts were asked to recommend other appropriate people for the project. Data collection The research design relied heavily on numerical data, therefore the research project adopted a quantitative approach. Numerical data included heart rates, vO2 max data and Kcal data. The project used regression analysis to identify the relationship between exercise intensity and calorie expenditure. Data were analysed using the statistical package IBM SPSS, PC program, version 7.5 Data Analysis Physiological responses to the Zumba session can be found in Table 1. The average HR was 154  ± 14 bpm, which corresponded to 79  ± 7.0% of HRmax. The average estimated VO2 was 66  ± 10.5% of VO2 max. The average estimated energy expenditure of participating in a Zumba session was 9.5  ± 2.69 Kcal ·min-1, which corresponded to an average of 369  ± 108 Kcal per class. To improve cardiovascular fitness, ACSM recommends that apparently healthy adults should exercise between 64-94% of HRmax and 40-85% of VO2max (ACSM,  2010). In order to control body weight, it is recommended individuals expend an average of 1500 or more kcal per week, which is 300 kcal per exercise session when exercising five times a week (ACSM,2010). Based upon the above recommendations, the Zumba class met ACSM guidelines for both parameters. Exercise intensity averaged 79% of HRmax and 66% of VO2max, respectively, and every subject fell within the recommended guidelines. Conclusions and recommendations Zumba is likely best suited for those who are already comfortable with fitness routines and with dance, as it could offer a pleasant change and participants would already know that they could keep up with dance fitness routine. However Zumba is also suitable for participants of all age and fitness levels. The intensity of the workout is relatively subjective so this means the participants can make the workout however hard or easy they would like depending on their enthusiasm and inhibitions. ACSM recommends that individuals should burn atleast 300 Kcals per workout in order to promote weight loss and maintain a healthy body composition (ACSM, 2010). This study concluded that participating in a Zumba dance class used an average of 369 Kcal for an average length class. It should be pointed out that average class length in the current study was approximately 39 minutes in length. Longer classes would obviously result in greater energy expenditure. Thus, regular participation in Zumba sh ould positively affect body composition. Future studies may want to focus on the physiological benefits following an 8-12 week Zumba training period. 1475 WORDS