Drug Legalization will Solve Many Problems Essay - 1557 Words

Drug Legalization will Solve Many Problems The United States is by far the richest and most powerful country in the world. We citizens take for granted luxuries that people of other countries can only dream. Yet in our society there are serious social issues that for reasons unknown are not being addressed. One of the most important issues that typical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. Although we hear terms like The War on Drugs and Drug Treatment, a fresh approach to this issue is overdue. The country should take a new look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of control. Addiction and drug abuse are such buzzwords these days†¦show more content†¦If that be the case then gambling and food abusers should be treated the same as addicts. Since drug legalization is the topic of this essay let us focus on alternatives to the War on Drugs. One possibility for controlling drug abuse is to legalize illegal drugs. In the 1920’s alcohol was made illegal by the eighteenth amendment better know as prohibition. This experiment at cutting off the source of alcohol to alleviate alcohol abuse was a dismal failure. From it stemmed all sort of crime, illegal alcohol sales, gang controlled territories, police shootings and above all, most people continued to drink. In contrast to today’s society where drugs are illegal there is not much difference. We have the same type of violent crime and gang control as in the roaring twenties, and people continue to use drugs. Another result of prohibition was an increase in binge drinking, much the same as we have the binge drug user today. Countries where alcohol is considered a normal part of life, such as Greece and Italy, have low occurrences of alcoholism. However, where alcohol is looked upon as a moral problem, such as the United States or Finland, alcoholism is rampant. This is the result of social conditioning much like Pavlov’s dogs. Since drugs are considered the demon here in America, citizens use as a method of rebelling as well as out of curiosityShow MoreRelatedEssay about Legalize It!828 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It! nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. When a battle goes to the point where there is no winner there needs to be a re-evaluation of how to solve the problem. In the case of the war against drugs, years of fighting have caused increased crime, overcrowding of prisons and the wasted use of money and resources with no results. It is now time to look at alternative methods to solving the nations drug problem. I will be looking at one of these methodsRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized? Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of drugs is among the most polarizing issues faced by the US government today. The increase in organized crime related to drug trafficking has forced authorities to reevaluate their stance on their legalization issue, and yet there are those in the civil society that oppose such legalization vehemently. Though there is evidence that many of the banned and scheduled substances can be attributed to a range of health benefits and treatment of diseases, the American experience withRead MoreUnited States Drug Policy1302 Words   |  6 PagesUS Drug Policy Introduction Drug policy is a crucial topic in the country today. Substance abuse, as well as drug-related crime rates, are a huge problem. This is a fact. The way to fix the problem of substance abuse, however, is widely disagreed upon. Some think that stricter laws regarding drug possession and use would solve the problem, while others believe that loosening the restrictions would be a better option. The issue of legalizing drugs, especially marijuana, is one that is debated allRead MoreMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesabused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others, however, ar e against the legalization of the dangerous drug. While legalization has bothRead More Marijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America?1375 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana Legalization Why is it the Best Choice for America? Marijuana, the most abused drug in America, has had a lot of publicity recently. Marijuana has caused multiple economic problems within the U.S. A controversial question has arisen from the increased popularity and troubles of this drug. The question is whether or not the U.S. government should legalize marijuana possession and sale in the country. Many Americans believe that the drug should be legalized for various reasons; others,Read MoreThe Social Benefits of Legalization of Marijuana1459 Words   |  6 Pagesand users are isolated by societies. In our days narcotics are a tremendous problem with a lot of effects on the societies. I want to give the definition of Marijuana that is important for my research. â€Å"Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems and flowering tops of the hemp plant.†(Marijuana, 317). Today in most countries soft narcotics and especially narcotics like marijuana are illegal. Marijuana is a misunderstood drug that is thought of as dangerous but it is n’t. Because of people’s ignoranceRead MoreIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move?1216 Words   |  5 PagesIs Decriminalizing Drugs A Right Move? There always seems to be debate on whether the decriminalization of drugs would be of great public interest. It is a very important and controversial issue that has many people wondering if legalizing drugs would be a right move or not. In the article, â€Å"Decriminalization Would Increase The Use and The Economic and Social Costs of Drugs† by David Mineta, Mineta argues about why drugs should not be decriminalized and how keeping illicit drugs illegal outweigh theRead More Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead MoreEssay SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION859 Words   |  4 Pages SHOULD WE FAVOR DRUG LEGALIZATION? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article â€Å"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals,† William J. Bennentt, chides intellectuals who believe drugs should be legalize. Bennett challenges his audience , by attacking intellectuals. However Bennett tries to win over his audience of intellectuals in two ways: by calling upon their talents and by attackingRead MoreShould Legalization Of Recreational Drugs Be A Great Nation?977 Words   |  4 Pages If you have an internal body problem or illness, would you rather fix that first or fight your external battles? Likewise, the US is claiming its superiority, as a big brother, across the world by fighting its external wars. However, what needs to be fixed first, is the long lasting internal war within. External wars need lots of money, manpower, weapons, etc., just to achieve a lifelong of enmity at the cost of civilization. Innocent people are always the major sufferers in any war. Now is

The Motivation to Use Atomic Bombs on the Cities of...

Debates on the use of the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been active for decades and continue to this day. The timeline of events and available evidence is consistent with the notion that the most compelling reason Pres. Truman authorized the use of atomic weapons was for diplomatic and political reasons, with an eye towards the Soviet Union, rather than bringing an early end to the war with the immediate surrender of Japan. The development of the atomic bomb was the largest program of covert scientific research ever undertaken. There are several reasons cited to justify the use of the bomb. There are, however, a number of evidence supported factors that challenge this perspective. An aggressive Soviet†¦show more content†¦After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the US policy of neutrality ended when it declared war on Japan. In 1941, Britain’s MAUD report concluded that an atomic bomb was possible and that its construction should begin immediately. Since Britain was already fully mobilized in war with Germany, the United States was in a better position to proceed with the bomb project. A special †S-1† committee was formed to determine the feasibility of an atomic bomb. They concluded that it would initially cost upward of $100 million with the production of a bomb by July 1944. In September 1942, the Manhattan Project was created with Gen. Leslie Groves at its helm. J. Robert Oppenheimer was chosen to supervise the scientific side of the atomic bomb project. A site for the central laboratory was chosen near the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico. Here the actual design and construction of the two atomic bombs that would later be referred to as â€Å"Fat Man† and â€Å"Little Boy† took place. Following the death of Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, Harry S. Truman became president. On May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered. The war in Asia with Japan, however, continued with the Soviet Union establishing itself as an ever growing threat. On July 16, 1945, a plutonium bomb (â€Å"the gadget†), detonated by a theoreticalShow MoreRelatedWhy the United States Dropped the Atomic Bomb: Persuasive Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and NagasakiRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe world was shocked when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. The bombs were a result of years of research and testing completed by the nation’s top physicists in a top-secret project called the Manhatt an Project. The Manhattan Project was a crucial development by the United States because it quickly ended the war with Japan. In August 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard drafted the Einstein-Szilard letter to send to President Roosevelt. The letter outlined the needRead MoreThe United States Was Justified For The Attack Of Hiroshima Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesattack to Hiroshima, Japan. The nuclear bomb was made in the south western for the sake of the United States under top mystery conditions. The Manhattan Project was constructed by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer who was a German Jew that fled from the Nazi party. For a long time, the Germans and Americans were in a race to finish the bomb first. It was viewed as a stupendous achievement when on July 1945, in the New Mexico betray, the primary nuclear bomb exploded in a trial. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bombRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The World War II1145 Words   |  5 PagesSubsequently, the major application of nuclear weapons emerged when the US dropped two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Whereas President Truman mainly sought to protect Americans from further deaths by launching atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR posed a different question. Did Truman consciously drop the bombs to intimidate the USSR? Therefore, the Soviet Union interpreted the use of these nuclear weapons as an anti-Soviet move. This further set the basis of the ColdRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima1096 Words   |  5 Pages1945 in Hiroshima, Japan did not begin in any exceptional way; in fact the people had no idea that they were about to be part of one of the most significant mornings in all of history. At 8:15 am, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb, ironically called, when one considers the enormity of the bombs significance, the Little Boy Three days later the U.S. dropped a second bomb nicknamed the Fat Man on the town of Nagasaki, Japan. Historically, the use of the atomic bombsRead MoreThe United States Decision to Use Atomic Bombs Against Japan2627 Words   |  11 Pagessurrounding th e United States’ decision to use atomic bombs against Japan. What motives were behind this action, and what arguments have been made against it? â€Å"I wonder if I can ever have children in the future.† - Words written from a young girl exposed to radiation from the A-bomb – Nagasaki. Hiroki Sato and Kentaro Okada. (-). A-Bomb Radiation Sickness, 14 May 2013 lt;http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/05/13/national/a-bomb-survivor /#.UZIEcfBArIU.gt; DuringRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima2781 Words   |  12 Pages  the  United  States   dropped  an  atomic  bomb  on  the  Japanese  city  of  Hiroshima,  the  capital  of  Hiroshima  Prefecture.   Hiroshima  is  known  throughout  the  world  as  the  first  (and  only)  city  decimated  by  a  nuclear   weapon  in  wartime.  The  bombing  of  Hiroshima  has  been  one  of  the  most  horrific  events  ever  to   have  taken  place  in  in  the  world.  Ã‚  The  damage  it  caused,  along  with  the  implications  that   followed,  explain  why  it  is  so  well  known,  even  today.  The  effects  of  Hiroshima  continue  to   shape  the  way  we  think  about  wars  and  bombingsRead MoreWhy Truman Ordered The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb2278 Words   |  10 PagesTruman Ordered the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb Throughout American history, the art of war has become increasingly advanced and geared to kill more people. This was especially true in the early 20th century with World Wars I and II, when tactics and weaponry were being developed with the objective of mass destruction (i.e. total war, civilian bombing, etc.), and reached its climax in the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. The atomic bomb was a revolutionary inventionRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was A Revolutionary Invention1528 Words   |  7 Pagesreached its peak with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. The atomic bomb was a revolutionary invention that raised many questions, most comprehensively, why? Why did we drop the atomic bombs? This question regarding the motivations behind dropping the atomic bomb has been mostly buried by the actual event. While Truman himself stated in an August 1945 radio address and further emphasized in his 1955 memoirs that the atomic bombs were dropped in order to â€Å"shortenRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan5502 Words   |  23 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb on Japan? Sub Issues Questions: Scott Carroll The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort

Accounting Information Systems Managing Business Operations

Questions: 1.Explain the role, component of accounting information systems, internal control and IT governance using the documentation technique in organisations.2.Describe the role of accountants in analysing, designing, using and evaluating accounting information systems.3.Analyse the importance of accounting controls and the role of audit assurance for accounting information systems.4.Describe the steps involved in system development life cycle business processes, the related technologies/infrastructure and challenges. Answers: Introduction Accounting process or financial management in every organisation is the primary requirement for managing business operations. On the other hand, information system and technological up gradation is another factor that business organisation has been utilising in business management. This report is about implications of various accounting information system that organisation has in operation. Aspects related to role of accounting information system, components and IT governance have been discussed. Role of accountants while analysing and evaluating accounting information system has been discussed in this report. Important factors related to audit and assurance of accounting information system and related control measures has been discussed in this report. In last section, system development life cycle and business process has been discussed in this report. 1. Role of Accounting Information Systems Accounting information system is the system that is used to collecting, processing, storing and generating various financial reports by the subordinates or managers. Accounting information system fulfils data or information demand within business organisation and supports manager while preparing MIS. Main role of accounting information system is to provide manager decision support information related to financial situation of the organisation. Accounting information system is almost connected with all other departments or sub-systems of organisation since accounting is done at level of organisation (Meiryani, 2015). Components of Accounting Information Systems Many components or sub-system of accounting information system are there which are inter-connected with each other. Components of accounting information systems can be categorised into 5 different parts and they are as follows: 1: People- It includes employees or other professional that are actually using the accounting system of organisation. People are important component because without them accounting system will be in operation and benefits of accounting system cannot be achieved. Auditor using accounting system of organisation is also included in people component. 2: Procedure- Procedure is simply process of accounting system by which it collects process and stores accounting information. Main focus of this component will be at processing of data (internal and external) for generating information (Sabale and Dani, 2012). Database development is another major aspect of this component. 3: Data- Data is the raw form of information that will become decision making information when it is proceed by accounting software. Data is essential component of every information system as it is raw material for information system. Both internal and external data is required and they are as under; sales, purchase, customer billing, vendor involve, expenses involve, payroll, taxation data and many other data. 4: Software- Software is the prime requirement of accounting information system as software is the heart of information system. Software automates functions, manage quality of information, reliability and information security. 5: IT Infrastructure- These are hardware that are used with accounting information system and to support software. It includes computer, printer, server, storage and much other hardware. Internal Control- It is used for securing and maintaining trails of information in the system. It also includes protection of system using id and password as there are various information were stored in it. Internal control measures in accounting information system promote better quality f information and with better availability (Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2015). Following are some components of internal control of accounting system: Risk assessment activities Information and communication system Monitoring and Controlling activities IT Governance- IT governance is the process of ensuring or auditing efficiency and effectiveness of IT usage in an organisation. In this process alignment of business strategies and IT strategies will take place. It also supports measuring performance of information technology in organisation. In case of accounting information system IT governance also plays vital role in term of reviewing and performance management. 2. Role of Accountants Developing and Using Accounting Information Systems Role of human resource in the business organisation is very vital and they operate each and every aspect of organisation. Since AIS is the system which is used and managed by managers or employees of the organisation. Therefore it should be designed and operate as per requirements of accountants. Accountants are those of group of people which possess education and qualification in accounting term (Bragg, 2011). Accountant under accounting information systems are primary involved as designer, user and auditors. Following are different prospects in terms of role of accountants: Accountants as Accounting System Designer: Accounting system will be used by accountants only and they possess relevant accounting knowledge. This makes them suitable professionals in identifying and assessing exact requirement from information system. Accounting information system will be developed by organisation for generating relevant information for decision making process. As a system designer accountants are responsible for identifying data source, specifying need of information, establishing correct accounting rule in system software, specifying format of financial reports and maintaining integrity and efficiency of accounting system (Chen et al., 2012). Accountants as Accounting System User: Once accounting information system is developed by system designer as per requirements specified by accountants now operate the same. Accountants are the user of accounting system as they possess required professional knowledge that helps them to use accounting system. Accounting system starts with feeding relevant data into system and then system automatically process data into information. Then again role of accountant comes into play when any information is required by generating and setting format of financial reports. As a user, accountants are required to identify encountered errors, issues and any basic mistake in system. Accountants as Accounting System Evaluator or Auditor: Auditing information system is most crucial activity that should be undertaken at all level of system development. Accountants are responsible for auditing accounting system which means they are required audit claimed procedure or process are been followed or not. Desired or documented procedure that is to be followed in the accounting system for information management, are being actually followed or not. Accountant shall ensure the same by using accounting system (Gelinas et al., 2014). 3.Importance of Accounting Controls Accounting controls can be defined as the control system that is used by the organisation for controlling its accounting aspects. Accounting controls is relevant part of accounting information policies and procedures, generating financial reports, accuracy of financial reports and integrity of information and accounting system. Accountants and other professional are responsible for maintaining accounting control in the accounting information system of the organisation. Success and failure of accounting information system depends upon effectiveness of internal accounting controls. Under accounting control system there are four broader areas where accountants are required to focus on and they are; environmental control, risk assessment under accounting system, control procedures adopted, monitoring internal control system (Saeidi et al., 2015). Role of Audit Assurance Audit is the systematic checking of performance of accounting information system of the organisation. Every organisation shall undertake audit framework for its information system as it ensures effectiveness of system. Audit of accounting systems has been now essential factor for organisation since there are various malicious and vulnerabilities acts can be spotted. Basic objectives of audit and assurance are maintaining data integrity, safeguarding assets and maintaining effectiveness in using information system and generating financial reports. For auditing of accounting control under computerised environment, The Information System Audit and Control Association has developed set of rules for maintaining control. These set of rules or framework is known as Control Objective for Information and Related Technology (Susan and Daw, 2015). Therefore audit and assurance services plays key role in improving accounting information system. Process of audit includes following activities: Observation of system activities Review documents Identification of audit trail in system audit Implementation of audit procedures 4.System Development Life Cycle System development is the process under which system software is defined (requirements), designed, tested and then implemented in the organisation. System development is generally denoted as the development and implementation of customised system software. System development included framework or defined set of sets that will be implemented for the development of software (Massey and Satao, 2012). In case of development of accounting system software or business process, Following are steps that are involved in system development life cycle: System study- Under this current system will be analysed and following actions will be taken: Identification of problems in current system Background check of current system Feasibility Study- Whether proposed system will meet users requirement, will work under defined conditions, effectively use resources and many other points will be examined (ZSUZSANNA, 2012). Following feasibility will be examined in this phase: Financial feasibility Economic feasibility Technical feasibility Organisational feasibility Social feasibility Analysis of System- Under this phase problem identification, analysis of feasibility test collection of data, etc are steps that will be undertaken. In this process, complete description and requirement of system development will be documented. Designing System- In this phase, documented system will be designed which means Skelton of desired system will be made. Logical system design shall be made so as to make physical design of the proposed system (Durrani and Qureshi, 2012). Testing- In this phase, once system has been developed then it shall be test for its relevancy, accuracy, matching with requirements, etc. Programme test or system test can be done can be undertaken. Implementation- In this phase, developed and tested system shall be implemented. Maintenance- Under this phase, adequate steps shall be undertaken by the system developers and accountants for maintaining developed system (Susan and Daw, 2015). Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that accounting information system plays important role in managing financial performance of organisation. Accounting information system supports management decision making process of the organisation and therefore holds vital position. Accountants play important role in maintaining and demonstrating accounting information system. Accountants support accounting system development in terms of designing, using and evaluating it. Accounting control and internal control in terms of accounting system is very much important as they ensure weakness and risk associated with it. Audit of information system shall be conducted on regular basis so that system can remain error free and effectives of accounting information system can be maintained. For developing information system or system software, phases specified under system development life cycle shall be followed. References Bragg, S. M. (2011). The Controller's Function The work of the Managerial Accountants. John Wiley Sons Inc. Chen, H.-J., Huang, Y., Shaio, C. (2012). The ERP System impact on the role of accountants. Industrial Management Data Systems , 112 (1), 83 - 101. Durrani, Q. S., Qureshi, S. A. (2012). Usability engineering practices in SDLC. International Conference on Communications and Information Technology , 319324. Gelinas, U. J., Dull, R. B., Wheeler, P. (2014). Accounting Information System (10th International edition ed.). Cengage Learning. Massey, V., Satao, K. (2012). Comparing various SDLC models and the new proposed model on the basis of available methodology. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering , 170177. Meiryani. (2015). Influence Business Strategy On the Quality of Accounting Information System. International Journal of Scientific Technology Research , 80 - 86. OJ, A., Kekwaletswe, R. M., Pretorius, P. (2013). The Effem of Accounting Information System in Accounting. International Journal of Advanced Computer Research , 142. Sabale, R., Dani, A. (2012). Comparative study of prototype model for software engineering with system development Life Cycle. IOSR Journal of Engineering , 2124. Saeidi, H., Prasad, B. V., Saremi, H. (2015). The Role of Accountants in Relation to Accounting Information Systems and Difference between Users of AIS and Users of Accounting. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences , 116-119. Schaltegger, S., Zvezdov, D. (2015). Gatekeepers of sustainability information: Exploring roles of accountants. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change , 333 - 361. Susan, P. T., Daw, T. H. (2015). Appraisal of Accounting Information System and Internal Control Frameworks. International Journal of Scientific and Research , 1-4. ZSUZSANNA, T. (2012). The Current Role of Accounting Information Systems. 'Club of Economics in Miskolc , 92-94.

Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders

Mankind has experienced a number of psychological disorders and diseases for a long period of time. Most of these diseases and disorders affect the normal functioning of the human body system especially the brain (Robins Regier, 1999). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their impacts can be manifested either through one’s behavior or mental symptoms. Psychiatric disorders can be defined as any behavioral or mental symptoms that make an individual very much distressed, paralyses the victims in one way or another and hence make them exposed to pain, disability, or even death (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Such manifestations, however, must be experienced over a period of more than two weeks in order to be considered a psychiatric disorder. Mental symptoms such as grief following the loss of a close relative or friend cannot be considered psychiatric in nature. This essay seeks to discuss the psychological disorders and diseases which include; schizophrenia, depression, mania, anxiety disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The theories behind them will also be discussed. Schizophrenia is one of the common psychological disorders especially in the United States. It is a chronic, harsh, and a brain-paralyzing disorder. It is usually characterized by improper perception of what is otherwise real. The individual suffering from schizophrenia usually experiences auditory delusions, haphazard way of thinking and talking, and other forms of hallucinations (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Moreover, the patient exhibits cognitive deficits, asocial tendencies, and flat affect. The manifestations of initial stages of schizophrenia commonly start at early adulthood. Notably, this disorder can only be diagnosed using the person’s personal experiences and overt behavior since its laboratory test is yet to be established. Many theories concerning schizophrenia have been proposed. Some of the factors associated with the development of schizophrenia include the individual’s genetic orientation and the environment that one is exposed to at the earlier stages of development (Robins Regier, 1999). Furthermore, neurobiology which concerns the study of the nervous system as well as the social and mental processes has been identified as playing a role in the development of schizophrenic conditions. The root causes of schizophrenia, however, have not been fully established but a sense of hope exists as far as its treatment is concerned. Current antipsychotic medications seek to eliminate the symptoms associated to the disorder and allow the patient to live a normal life in the society. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although the older types of anti-psychotics are still being used, most current ones w hich include clozapine are very effective in treating the acute symptoms (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). For persons who are genetically prone to schizophrenia, the use of some medicinal drugs or those meant for recreational purposes may also cause or enhance the rate of being schizophrenic. For instance, clozapine reduces the number of white blood cells in the body hence increasing the risk of infections. The side effects of using antipsychotic medication include improper vision, rashes on the skin, increased heartbeat, and can affect women’s monthly periods. Psychosocial modes of treatment have been devised to deal with those who have become resistant to antipsychotic medication (Robins Regier, 1999). Depression, on the other hand, is a psychological disorder that manifests itself both physically and emotionally over prolonged period of time (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). This disorder is characterized by a sense of guilt, worthless feelings and suicidal tendencies, loss of the ab ility to make decisions, and varying levels of poverty. Despite the many perspectives of looking at the disorder, depression has been clinically regarded as being caused by genetic, biological, and psychological factors. Stressful situations in life have been identified to play a role in the onset of depression among those who are genetically prone. Also, fluctuating levels of hormones contribute to the increased levels of neurotransmitters in the brain leading to the development of depressive symptoms. Psychiatrists have also established the role of structural psychological changes in the onset of major depression. Besides these western theories on depression, cultural perspectives also have their own way of explaining depression. Persons identified with depression can be treated although the diagnosis part is the most difficult since the symptoms can be confused with the normal illness. Research has established clinical depression as being mental in nature (Salters-Pedneault, 20 09). The two major approaches that can be used are psychotherapy and clinical medication. The use of antidepressants can simplify the use of the counseling approach. It is important to note that psychotherapeutic medications serve to relief symptoms but not curing depression. These medications may have some side effects though it depends on so many factors like the body size, age, sex of the patient, body chemical composition, diet, and habits like smoking. The mentioned factors determine the dosage given to the depressed. Some of the antidepressants include; tricyclic which is an antidepressant, and monoamine oxidase which act an inhibitor. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent antidepressants are commonly referred to as â€Å"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors† (SSRIs). Some of the side effects of antidepres sants include; drowsiness, anxiety, heart problems, digestive problems, weight gain, muscle twitches, and general weakness (Robins Regier, 1999). The extents of these side effects greatly depend on the type of antidepressant used and the individual responses. The third disorder in our discussion is the manic disorder, currently referred to as bipolar disorder. Just like depression, it is a mood disorder and is uniquely characterized by some manic episodes. A manic episode involves the expression of euphoric states or ‘emotional highs’ by the patient (Torrey Knable, 2005). Manic depression possesses symptoms of major depression. Recent research has established that most theories point a strong conviction on the genetic orientation of the patient. The manic-depressive patient is fortunate since the disorder is easily treatable. â€Å"Mood stabilizers† are the commonly used medications and examples include, but not limited to; lithium, and anticonvulsants like cab amazepine, and valproate. All serve the purpose of stabilizing the moods of the patient. However, just like other terminal illnesses, manic-depressive disorder remains with the patient forever and can be managed through constant medication (Torrey Knable, 2005). Due to improved research into the treatment of bipolar disorders, there are fewer side effects although it greatly depends on individual reaction to the medication. Most of the side effects, if any, are similar to those of depression discussed above. Moreover, anxiety disorder refers to the extreme and excessive levels of fear and worry about day to day life without any apparent reason (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Such fears can be prolonged over a period of six months which can only get worse if not diagnosed and treated in good time. Anxiety disorders comprises of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). These varied types of anxiety disorders have one thing in common; they all involve irrational fear and dread. Medication is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders although sometimes psychotherapeutic measures can be effective. In most instances, anxiety may co-exist with other conditions and illness and this calls for proper diagnosis by the psychiatrist. Medication, just like the treatment of the above disorders, will serve to put the anxiety disorder under control but not curing it. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The common medication include; antidepressants, beta-blockers, and anti-anxiety drugs. SSRIs are the newest in the medical field (Salters-Pedneault, 2009). Psychotherapy is also the second alternative when it comes to the treatment of anxiety disorders. The side effects from taking the medication are as explained earlier in the case of depression disorder. The last disorder is the Tourette syndrome which is characterized by both physical (tics) and oral speech problems. It is unique in that its manifestation occurs during early childhood (Walkup, Mink Hollenbeck, 2006). Tourette’s disorder is believed to be a genetic and mental disorder and is also influenced by the surrounding though its real cause is yet to be established. Surprisingly, this disorder has no genuine medication unless strictly recommended by a psychiatrist. Psychotherapy is the only best approach for handling persons with Tourette which involves counseling and giving assurances. In the case of children, tak ing them to school will help alleviate the disorder. The essay has attempted to discuss the various psychological disorders/diseases. Although the disorders are numerous, the paper has evaluated schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, and Tourette syndrome. The drugs used for treating them as well as the side effects of the medication where applicable have been discussed. References Robins, L.N, Regier DA, eds. (1999). Psychiatric Disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Perspective Area Study. New York: The Free Press. Salters-Pedneault, K. (2009). Psychiatric Disorders. American Medical Journal, 7 (12), 9-67. Torrey, E. F. Knable, M. B. (2005). Manic-depressive illness: a guide on bipolar treatment. Basic Books. Walkup, J. T, Mink, J. W, Hollenbeck, P. J. (2006). Tourette syndrome. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This essay on Types, Causes and Theories of the Psychiatric Disorders was written and submitted by user Landyn Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.